Honoring Tradition: How Offerings Are Prepared in Quanzhou

In the Quanzhou region, the preparation of offerings plays a crucial role in religious and cultural practices. Offerings are divided into two categories: meat offerings dedicated to deities such as Guan Yu, and vegetarian offerings for Buddha. These offerings symbolize respect, gratitude, and a deep spiritual connection.

1. The Five and Three Sacrifices

In traditional customs, meat offerings are classified into the following categories:

*The Five Sacrifices (五牲): Pig, Chicken/Duck/Goose, Fish, Egg, Shrimp/Crab

*The Three Sacrifices (三牲): Pig, Chicken, Fish (or any three of the five sacrifices)

The "Five Sacrifices" concept originates from Taoism and ancient belief systems, where specific offerings are made to deities during ceremonies and rituals. Each offering symbolizes abundance, prosperity, and reverence for the divine.

2. The Five Fruits（五果）: Symbolism and Selection

Fruits are an essential part of offerings, representing harmony and completeness. Common fruits used in Quanzhou include: Sugarcane, Oranges, Apples, Bananas, Pears， Pineapples, Tangerines, Grapes, etc.

Round fruits, in particular, are favored as they symbolize unity and fulfillment. The "Five Fruits" also metaphorically represent favorable weather, bountiful harvests, and agricultural prosperity.

3. The Six Fasts: Vegetarian Offerings

In contrast to meat offerings, the "Six Fasts" (六斋) refer to vegetarian dishes, aligning with religious principles of purity and non-violence. These offerings include: Daylily, Wood ear mushroom, Shiitake mushroom, Vermicelli, Peanuts, and Red dates.

These offerings are believed to correspond to the Five Elements (metal, wood, water, fire, and earth), symbolizing the cycles and interactions of nature.

4. Incense, Candles, and Joss Paper

Burning incense, lighting candles, and offering joss paper are crucial aspects of religious rituals:

Incense: Represents communication with the divine, purification, and protection.

Candles: Symbolize enlightenment and spiritual guidance.

Joss Paper:

*Gold Joss Paper (Jin): Offered to deities such as the Jade Emperor.

*Silver Joss Paper (Yin): Specifically offered to ancestors and other spirits.

The distinction between gold and silver joss paper must be strictly observed to avoid confusion or offense.

5. Temple Etiquette and Taboos

Observing etiquette is crucial when visiting temples:

• Cautious Speech and Behavior: Avoid disrespectful comments towards deities; in case of conflict, both parties should apologize and say "Amitabha."

• Donations: Despite financial difficulties, devotees contribute to temples as a demonstration of sincerity.

• Fulfilling Vows and Expressing Gratitude: In Anxi County, it is customary to offer whole pigs or sheep to express gratitude to deities.

6. Vegetarianism in Folk Religions

In folk religions, vegetarianism is not seen as asceticism but rather as a lifestyle adapted to rural living. Historically, meat was scarce and expensive, making vegetarianism a practical choice. In contrast, Buddhist vegetarianism stems from the principle of non-violence and respect for all sentient beings.

During the Song Dynasty, officials described certain secret societies in southeastern coastal areas that abstained from meat and alcohol and practiced unique rituals with the term "vegetarianism invites demons."

7. The Significance of Burning Incense

The history of incense burning can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty, where it was initially used for fumigation. With the introduction of Buddhism, incense burning became an integral part of religious rituals. The main purposes include:

• Expressing Reverence: Demonstrating sincere devotion to deities and ancestors.

• Invoking Divine Presence: Establishing a connection with the spiritual world.

• Symbolizing Enlightenment: Representing wisdom and spiritual awakening.

• Protection and Purification: Warding off evil spirits and ensuring health and safety.

• Prayers and Wishes: Devotees express their desires and seek divine blessings through incense offerings.

By gaining a deeper understanding of how offerings and religious rituals are prepared, people can better appreciate Quanzhou's rich cultural heritage and spiritual traditions.